PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian Subages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran												0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Nihewanian						0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian												0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian												0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan												1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan												1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian												2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian						Yushean					Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian												3
		Zanclean		Waipipian												3.6
				Opoitian												3.7
				Opoitian						Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean												5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan												7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan												7.246
			Southland	Waiauan												11.04
										Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian														11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian												13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian						Shanwangian						13.82
				Clifdenian												15.1
			Pareora	Altonian												15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
										Xiejiaan						16.9
				Otaian												18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian												20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian												21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian												23.03
				Duntroonian												25.2
				Whaingaroan												27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
			Arnold	Runangan												34.6
				Kaiatan												36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan												37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian												39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian												41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
				Heretaungan												45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan												47.8
				Mangaorapan												48.9
				Waipawan												52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian												56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian		Haumurian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											86.1
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Mangaotanean												90.5
				Arowhanan												93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian												95.2
				Motuan												99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Late Albian											100.5
				Urutawan	Late Albian											103.3
				Urutawan	Middle Albian											106.2 *
			Taitai	Korangan	Middle Albian											108.4
					Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian	113
					Late Aptian	117.5
					Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian	139.8
					Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
					Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian			Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian		227
		Carnian			Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian		237
		Ladinian			Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian							Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
				Marsdenian					320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian					321.5 *
				Alportian					322 *
				Chokierian					323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian					323.2
				Arnsbergian					324 *
				Pendleian					327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian	Asbian †				336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian				340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian		372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian		382.7
						Middle Givetian		383.7 *
						Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian		410.8
						Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Edenian				450.4 *
					Mohawkian			Chatfieldian	451.1 *
		Sandbian					453	Chatfieldian
							Turinian	453.7 *
					Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian		Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean				477.7
							Stairsian				480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian				485.4
		Stage 10									487.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian										Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Branchian			509
		Stage 3									Branchian			514
		Stage 3									Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8