PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126165 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Devonian Subages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran			0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian											0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian											0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan											0.21
													Castlecliffian			0.34
				Calabrian												0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
													Nukumaruan			1.63
				Gelasian									Nukumaruan			1.8
				Gelasian									Mangapanian			2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Mangapanian		Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian									Waipipian			3
				Zanclean									Waipipian			3.6
													Opoitian			3.7
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								Opoitian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
				Messinian									Tongaporutuan			7.2
				Tortonian												7.246
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											9.4
												Southland	Waiauan			11.04
				Serravallian												11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
													Lillburnian			13.05
				Langhian									Lillburnian			13.82
													Clifdenian			15.1
												Pareora	Altonian			15.9
				Burdigalian												15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
													Otaian			18.7
				Aquitanian									Otaian			20.44
				Aquitanian								Landon	Waitakian			21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
						Monroecreekian										23.1 *
						Geringian										24.7 *
													Duntroonian			25.2
													Whaingaroan			27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
				Rupelian												29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian											33.9
												Arnold	Runangan			34.6
													Kaiatan			36.7
																37
				Bartonian												37.71
													Bortonian			39.1
					Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian												41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
													Heretaungan			45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
				Ypresian												47.8
													Mangaorapan			48.9
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Mangaorapan			50.5
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Waipawan			52
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Waipawan			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Teurian			56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1									60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1									61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1									63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1					Haumurian
Santonian				Piripauan				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
Santonian				Raukumara				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Teratan	86.1
Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
									Mangaotanean	90.5
									Arowhanan	93.7
Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence					Ngaterian	95.2
									Motuan	99.5
Early Cretaceous			Albian					Late Albian	Motuan	100.5
								Late Albian	Urutawan	103.3
								Middle Albian	Urutawan	106.2 *
				Taitai				Middle Albian	Korangan	108.4
								Early Albian		109.9 *
			Aptian					Late Aptian		113
								Late Aptian		117.5
								Early Aptian		119.5 *
			Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
			Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
			Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
			Berriasian					Late Berriasian		139.8
								Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
								Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	145
			Tithonian					Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
			Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
			Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian					Late Bajocian			168.2
			Bajocian					Early Bajocian			168.6 *
			Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian			174.7
								Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
								Early Toarcian			182.9 *
			Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian			Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian			Tuvalian		227
			Carnian			Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian		237
			Ladinian			Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian			Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan			Dienerian		251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian					305.9
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian			Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian				365.3 *
								Early Famennian				368.5 *
			Frasnian					Late Frasnian			Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
								Early Frasnian				379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian	Givetian		382.7
								Middle Givetian			383.7 *
								Early Givetian			385.9 *
			Eifelian					Late Eifelian	Couvinien		387.7
			Eifelian					Early Eifelian			390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian			393.3
			Emsian					Early Emsian			398.3 *
			Pragian					Pragian			407.6
			Pragian	Coblencien				Pragian	408.2 *
			Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
			Jiangshanian						489.5
			Paibian						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †	497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635