PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			European Faunal Zones	Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene	Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene	Lujanian		0.129
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene	Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene	Ensenadan		0.774
		Calabrian									Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian					MN 17				Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †			MN 16			Late Pliocene	Vorohuean		2.58
							MN 16				Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
							MN 15						3.2
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene			3.6
											Montehermosan		3.7 *
							MN 14				Montehermosan		4.2
							MN 13				Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian					MN 13			Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian					MN 12						7.246
							MN 11						7.75
							MN 11				Chasicoan		7.9 *
							MN 10						8.7
							MN 9						9.7
											Mayoan		9.9 *
											Laventan		10.9 *
							MN 7 + 8						11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				MN 7 + 8			Middle Miocene			11.63
							MN 6						12.8 *
							MN 6				Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian					MN 5				Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian					MN 5				Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian					MN 4			Early Miocene	Friasian		15.98
							MN 4				Santacrucian		16.2 *
							MN 3				Santacrucian		16.9
							MN 3				Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
							MN 2						20
		Aquitanian											20.44
											Deseadan		20.9 *
							MN 1						22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4							Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene	Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3							Late Eocene	Tinguirirican		33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene	Divisaderan		35.9 *
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										41.2
		Lutetian									Mustersan		41.9 *
		Ypresian								Early Eocene	Mustersan		47.8
		Ypresian								Early Eocene	Casamayoran		47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1							Late Paleocene	Riochican		56
											Itaboraian		56.9 *
											Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian								Early Paleocene	Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8										66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7										72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6										83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4										100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4		168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3		174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Ashgill	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan			445.2
									Cautleyan			448.9 *
				Pusgillian					449.3 *
				Caradoc				Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig				Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadoc				Migneintian			477.7
				Tremadoc				Cressagian			480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Stage 5 †							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3									509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
													538.8