PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of the Baltic				Permian of Western Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene		Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene		Lujanian		0.129
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene		Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene		Ensenadan		0.774
		Calabrian											Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian											Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene		Vorohuean		2.58
		Piacenzian									Late Pliocene		Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene		Chapadmalalan		3.6
													Montehermosan		3.7 *
													Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian										Pannonian			7.246
													Chasicoan		7.9 *
													Mayoan		9.9 *
													Laventan		10.9 *
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene	Sarmatian			11.63
												Badenian			12.8 *
												Badenian	Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian											Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian											Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene		Friasian		15.98
													Santacrucian		16.2 *
													Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
		Aquitanian											Colhuehuapian		20.44
		Aquitanian											Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene				23.03
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene				27.82
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene		Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene		Tinguirirican		33.9
		Priabonian									Late Eocene		Divisaderan		35.9 *
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Lutetian											Mustersan		41.9 *
		Ypresian									Early Eocene		Mustersan		47.8
		Ypresian									Early Eocene		Casamayoran		47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene		Riochican		56
													Itaboraian		56.9 *
													Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene				61.6
		Danian									Early Paleocene		Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras												168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense												168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta												174.7
			Planulata												179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
								Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
								Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
								Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian						Keila				Idavere †	453
								Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
								Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
											Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †			455.2 *
								Kukruse						456.4 *
										Aurelucian				456.8 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
								Uhaku			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
								Lasnamagi						458.9 *
								Aseri						460.4 *
								Aseri		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
							Oeland	Kunda						462.9 *
					Valaste †/Hunderum			Kunda				464.3 *
								Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian	467.3
			Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
								Billingen	469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
					Latorp †					470.1 *
				Whitlandian						471.1 *
				Whitlandian				Hunneberg		473.7 *
				Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian						477.7
				Cressagian						480.8 *
								Varangu		481.3 *
								Pakerort		482.2 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								486.3 *
															486.5