PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Silurian Ages of Europe	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Cenozoic 6					0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian								Cenozoic 5					11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Cenozoic 4					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Cenozoic 4					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Cenozoic 3					33.9
		Bartonian								Cenozoic 3					37.71
		Lutetian								Cenozoic 2					41.2
		Ypresian								Cenozoic 2					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cenozoic 1					56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8					66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							Cretaceous 7					72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Cretaceous 6					83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian							Cretaceous 4					100.5
			Middle Albian												106.2 *
			Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian							Cretaceous 3					113
		Aptian	Early Aptian							Cretaceous 3					119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian							Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							Cretaceous 2					125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							Cretaceous 1					132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
			Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
			Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Jurassic 6					145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Jurassic 6					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5					149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras										168.2
			Late Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.4
			Early Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										174.7
					Planulata										179.3 *
							Arnioceras arnouldi								179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
					Kanense										181.3 *
					Carlottense										182.3 *
			Early Toarcian		Carlottense										182.9 *
			Early Toarcian		Kunae										183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Kunae					Jurassic 2					184.2
					Freboldi										185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras									186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					Jurassic 1	192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian						208.5
			Alaunian						213.2 *
			Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian					Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian						242
			Pelsonian						243.8 *
			Bithynian						244.7 *
			Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					Vokhmian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian							251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian						Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian						Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian							Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian							Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian							Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian							Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean							Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian							Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian							Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian							Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian						427.4
		Homerian		Whitwellian						429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ordovician 5	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian									Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian							Ordovician 4				453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Ordovician 3	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Ordovician 3		461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Ordovician 2		467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig	Fennian	468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian	470
						Whitlandian	471.1 *
						Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Ordovician 1	Tremadoc	Migneintian		477.7
						Tremadoc	Cressagian		480.8 *
									485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5				485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Cambrian 4				497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan			Cambrian 3				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Cambrian 3				509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1		529
															538.8