PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Britain				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ten Million Year Bins	Ammonite Chrons of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Cenozoic 6				0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian									Cenozoic 5				11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Cenozoic 4				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	Cenozoic 4				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Cenozoic 3				33.9
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Cenozoic 3				37.71
		Lutetian									Cenozoic 2				41.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian	Cenozoic 2				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan		Cenozoic 1				56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								Cretaceous 8				66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								Cretaceous 7				72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian								Cretaceous 4				100.5
			Middle Albian												106.2 *
			Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian								Cretaceous 3				113
		Aptian	Early Aptian								Cretaceous 3				119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian								Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
			Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
			Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6				145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian								Jurassic 5				149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian									Epizigzagiceras			168.2
			Late Bajocian									Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			168.4
			Early Bajocian									Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								Jurassic 3	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian									Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			174.7
												Planulata			179.3 *
														Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
												Kanense			181.3 *
												Carlottense			182.3 *
			Early Toarcian									Carlottense			182.9 *
			Early Toarcian									Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								Jurassic 2	Kunae			184.2
												Freboldi			185.1 *
												Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
						189.2 *							Tetraspidoceras
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras			196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian								208.5
			Alaunian								213.2 *
			Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3						227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2						237
		Ladinian	Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian								242
			Pelsonian								243.8 *
			Bithynian								244.7 *
			Aegean								245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1						247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian								248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian								251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian							251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill	Hirnantian				Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan					445.2
					Cautleyan					448.9 *
					Pusgillian					449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian					Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan						451.5 *
					Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian							Ordovician 4		453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian					Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Ordovician 3		458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Ordovician 3		461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn	Ordovician 2				467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian		470
					Whitlandian		471.1 *
					Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian	Ordovician 1	477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian		480.8 *
							485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian				Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan				Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3				Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1	529
															538.8