PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of the Pamirs	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean							Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian							Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian							Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
									Hemingfordian						16.3
									Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
									Whitneyan						29.5
									Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian							Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian							Bridgerian						47.8
									Wasatchian						50.5
									Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian						56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian							Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian												100.5
			Middle Albian												106.2 *
			Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian												113
		Aptian	Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
			Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
			Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian	251.902
		Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian		Midian	264.28
		Wordian			Urzhumian		Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Kubergandian	273.01
						Filipovian	Kubergandian	276.5 *
						Filipovian	Bolorian	279.8
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Irginian	Yakhtashian	286
						Burtsevian	Yakhtashian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	Sakmarian	290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian	Sakmarian	291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian	Asselian	293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill				Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc				Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig				Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Ungurian				Tremadoc			Migneintian	477.7
			Cressagian								480.8 *
			Cressagian								Mansian †	483.55 *
											Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian							Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian									Batyrbaian	489.5
				Aksaian									Aksaian	490.7 *
				Sakian									Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian									Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian										499.5
		Drumian											Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian											Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan									Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan												505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4												509
				Toyonian							Lenian †		Toyonian	510 *
				Botomian									Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian									Botomian	514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian									Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian									Tommotian	521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †	529
															538.8