PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of China	Silurian of North America			South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian					0.0117
		Chibanian						Lujanian					0.129
		Chibanian						Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian						Ensenadan					0.774
		Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean					2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan					3.6
								Montehermosan					3.7 *
								Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
								Chasicoan					7.9 *
								Mayoan					9.9 *
								Laventan					10.9 *
		Serravallian						Laventan					11.63
		Serravallian						Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian						Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian					15.98
								Santacrucian					16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
		Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian					20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
		Rupelian						Tinguirirican					28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian						Tinguirirican					33.9
		Priabonian						Divisaderan					35.9 *
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Lutetian						Mustersan					41.9 *
		Ypresian						Mustersan					47.8
		Ypresian						Casamayoran					47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican					56
								Itaboraian					56.9 *
								Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
		Danian						Tiupampan					62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian			300.1
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian						Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Fennian			470
									Whitlandian			471.1 *
									Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian						Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
		Tremadocian						Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
													485 *