PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	European Faunal Units	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene	Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene	Lujanian		0.129
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene	Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene	Ensenadan		0.774
		Calabrian									Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian									Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian						Late Pliocene	Vorohuean		2.58
				Villanyian							Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
				Ruscinian									3.1 *
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene			3.6
											Montehermosan		3.7 *
											Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian		Turolian						Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
											Chasicoan		7.9 *
				Vallesian							Chasicoan		8.7
											Mayoan		9.9 *
											Laventan		10.9 *
		Serravallian		Astaracian						Middle Miocene	Laventan		11.63
		Serravallian									Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian									Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian									Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Orleanian						Early Miocene	Friasian		15.98
											Santacrucian		16.2 *
											Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
				Agenian									20
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian									Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene	Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene	Tinguirirican		33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene	Divisaderan		35.9 *
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Lutetian									Mustersan		41.9 *
		Ypresian								Early Eocene	Mustersan		47.8
		Ypresian								Early Eocene	Casamayoran		47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene	Riochican		56
											Itaboraian		56.9 *
											Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian								Early Paleocene	Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes		259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan	445.2
					Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan		451.5 *
					Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian					453
						Actonian †	453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian			470
					Whitlandian			471.1 *
					Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
		Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Branchian	509
		Stage 3						Branchian	514
		Stage 3						Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
													538.8