PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of Britain
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								0
				Northgrippian								0.0042
				Greenlandian								0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian			0.0117
				Chibanian					Lujanian			0.129
				Chibanian					Ensenadan			0.3 *
				Calabrian					Ensenadan			0.774
				Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
				Gelasian					Sanandresian			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean			2.58
				Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
				Zanclean					Chapadmalalan			3.6
									Montehermosan			3.7 *
									Huayquerian			4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian								5.333
				Tortonian								7.246
									Chasicoan			7.9 *
									Mayoan			9.9 *
									Laventan			10.9 *
				Serravallian					Laventan			11.63
				Serravallian					Colloncuran			13.7 *
				Langhian					Colloncuran			13.82
				Langhian					Friasian			15.4 *
				Burdigalian					Friasian			15.98
									Santacrucian			16.2 *
									Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
				Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian			20.44
				Aquitanian					Deseadan			20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
				Rupelian								27.82
				Rupelian					Tinguirirican			28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian					Tinguirirican			33.9
				Priabonian					Divisaderan			35.9 *
				Bartonian								37.71
				Lutetian								41.2
				Lutetian					Mustersan			41.9 *
				Ypresian					Mustersan			47.8
				Ypresian					Casamayoran			47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican			56
									Itaboraian			56.9 *
									Peligran			58.9 *
				Selandian								59.2
				Danian								61.6
				Danian					Tiupampan			62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
				Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
				Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
				Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
				Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
				Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian					100.5
							Middle Albian					106.2 *
							Early Albian					109.9 *
				Aptian			Late Aptian					113
				Aptian			Early Aptian					119.5 *
				Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
				Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
				Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
				Berriasian			Late Berriasian					139.8
							Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
							Early Berriasian					142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
				Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
Early Kimmeridgian				Kimmeridgian	152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian	Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		227
			Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian				Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian				Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
					Caradoc			Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian							453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
			Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
			Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
			Dapingian		Arenig			Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
			Tremadocian		Tremadoc			Migneintian			477.7
					Tremadoc			Cressagian			480.8 *
											485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan								504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								509
		Series 2	Stage 3								514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									1000
		Ectasian									1200
		Calymmian									1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian									1600
		Orosirian									1800
		Rhyacian									2050
		Siderian				2300
Archean	Neoarchean					2500
	Mesoarchean					2800
	Paleoarchean					3200
	Eoarchean					3600
Hadean						4000
												4600