PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of North America		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of Britain		Mesozoic Subages		South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian									Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian									Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian									Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian									Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian									Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian									Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean									Chapadmalalan				3.6
											Montehermosan				3.7 *
											Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
											Chasicoan				7.9 *
											Mayoan				9.9 *
											Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian									Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian									Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian									Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian									Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian									Friasian				15.98
											Santacrucian				16.2 *
											Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian									Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian									Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
		Rupelian									Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian									Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian									Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Lutetian									Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian									Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian									Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Riochican				56
											Itaboraian				56.9 *
											Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
		Danian									Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian						100.5
									Middle Albian						106.2 *
									Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian						113
		Aptian							Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian						139.8
									Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
									Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
						Eastonian		Cautleyan	449 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc			Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan		451.5 *
						Gisbornian	Cheneyan		452 *
							Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian		Yapeenian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
				Yapeenian		Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
				Castlemainian						468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian						470
				Chewtonian			Whitlandian			471.1 *
				Bendigonian						471.8 *
				Lancefieldian						473.5 *
							Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
							Cressagian			480.8 *
				Warendian			Cressagian			482.8 *
				Warendian						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
												Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Sunwaptan	487.5
												Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian	489.5
			Steptoean										493 *
												Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian										Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian							Albertian †	St Davids		497
		Drumian	Marjumian										500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan										504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran										506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran							Waucoban †	Caerfai		509
		Stage 4	Dyeran										511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran										514
			Montezuman		514.8 *
			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
															538.8