PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of the Pamirs	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean					0.129
												Irvingtonian					0.21
									Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian															0.774
												Blancan					1.4
									Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian							Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean								2.58
		Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean							Chapadmalalan								3.6
									Montehermosan								3.7 *
									Montehermosan			Hemphillian					4.7
									Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
									Chasicoan								7.9 *
									Chasicoan			Clarendonian					9.4
									Mayoan								9.9 *
									Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian															11.63
												Barstovian					12.5
									Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian							Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian							Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian							Friasian								15.98
									Santacrucian								16.2 *
									Santacrucian			Hemingfordian					16.3
									Colhuehuapian			Hemingfordian					17.4 *
												Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian							Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
									Tinguirirican								28.9 *
												Whitneyan					29.5
												Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian					33.9
									Divisaderan			Chadronian					35.9 *
												Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian															41.2
									Mustersan								41.9 *
												Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian															47.8
									Casamayoran								47.9 *
												Wasatchian					50.5
												Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Riochican			Clarkforkian					56
									Riochican			Tiffanian					56.2
									Itaboraian								56.9 *
									Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian															61.6
									Tiupampan								62.4 *
									Tiupampan			Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	100.5
		Aptian	113
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	251.902
		Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian	Urzhumian		Midian	264.28
		Wordian	Urzhumian		Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Kubergandian	273.01
				Filipovian	Kubergandian	276.5 *
				Filipovian	Bolorian	279.8
				Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
				Irginian		285.9 *
				Irginian	Yakhtashian	286
				Burtsevian	Yakhtashian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	Sakmarian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian	Sakmarian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Asselian	293.52
				Uskalykian		294.8
				Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Bolindian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian			Rawtheyan	445.2
							Richmondian			Rawtheyan	446 *
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Eastonian		Cautleyan	449 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian						450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian						451.1 *
										Cheneyan			451.5 *
								Gisbornian		Cheneyan			452 *
										Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian											453
											Actonian †		453.2 *
							Turinian				Actonian †		453.7 *
											Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †			455.2 *
										Aurelucian				456.8 *
						Whiterockian						Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian						Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian						Yapeenian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
								Yapeenian	Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
								Castlemainian							468.5 *
							Rangerian	Castlemainian							469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †						Cassinian †	Chewtonian	470
										Whitlandian					Chewtonian	471.1 *
															Bendigonian	471.8 *
															Lancefieldian	473.5 *
							Tulean									473.9 *
										Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian							Tremadoc	Migneintian						477.7
							Stairsian			Migneintian						480.3 *
							Stairsian			Cressagian						480.8 *
							Skullrockian							Demingian †		482 *
															Warendian	482.8 *
															Warendian	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10														485.4
																	487.5