PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian Epochs	Silurian of the Baltic	Permian of the Pamirs	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
						Hemingfordian						16.3
						Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
		Rupelian		Kekeamuan								27.82
						Whitneyan						29.5
						Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian	Bridgerian						47.8
						Wasatchian						50.5
						Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan		Clarkforkian						56
		Thanetian		Gashatan		Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian				Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian				259.51
		Wordian	Midian				264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian				266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian				273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian				279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian				283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian				286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian		425.6	Paadla
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian		Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan	445.2
						Cautleyan	448.9 *
						Pusgillian	449.3 *
					Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
						Cheneyan		451.5 *
						Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian						453
							Actonian †	453.2 *
							Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †		455.2 *
						Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
						Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian			470
						Whitlandian			471.1 *
						Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Ungurian	Tremadoc			Migneintian	477.7
						Tremadoc			Cressagian	480.8 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian					Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian						489.5
					Aksaian						490.7 *
					Sakian						492.2 *
		Paibian			Sakian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian					Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian									499.5
		Drumian			Zhanaarykian						500.5
		Drumian			Tuesaian						503
		Wuliuan			Tuesaian						504.5
		Wuliuan									505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4								Early Cambrian	509
			Toyonian		510 *
			Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian		514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian		521
		Stage 2			525.5
		Fortunian			529
												538.8