PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia			Ordovician of North America						Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean												0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Nihewanian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean												0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean												0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian												0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian												0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan												1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene											Yushean		2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene													3.6
				Hemphillian												4.7
														Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene													5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
				Clarendonian												9.4
														Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene													11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian												12.5
		Langhian												Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene													15.98
				Hemingfordian												16.3
				Hemingfordian										Xiejiaan		16.9
				Arikareean												18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene													23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene													27.82
				Whitneyan												29.5
				Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Chadronian												33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene	Duchesnean												37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene	Duchesnean												37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian												46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Bridgerian												47.8
				Wasatchian												50.5
				Clarkforkian												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian												56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Tiffanian												56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian												59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian												60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Torrejonian												61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Puercan												63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian				Gamachian		Rawtheyan	445.2
						Richmondian		Rawtheyan	446 *
			Cautleyan	448.9 *
			Pusgillian	449.3 *
			Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
						Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian			450.4 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
				Cheneyan					451.5 *
				Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
							Actonian †		453.2 *
						Turinian	Actonian †		453.7 *
							Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †			455.2 *
				Aurelucian						456.8 *
					Whiterockian			Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
							Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							467.3
			Arenig	Fennian							468.4 *
						Rangerian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
				Whitlandian		Blackhillsian						471.1 *
				Whitlandian		Tulean						473.9 *
				Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian								477.7
				Migneintian		Stairsian						480.3 *
				Cressagian		Stairsian						480.8 *
						Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
												Mansian †	483.55 *
												Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian				485.4
		Stage 10													487.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
								Aksaian							490.7 *
								Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian							497
		Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian							499.5
		Drumian						Mayan/Menevian							500.5
		Wuliuan						Amgan/Solvan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Amgan/Solvan							509
								Toyonian		Lenian †					510 *
								Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian							514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian							521
		Stage 2						Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian						Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †					529
																538.8