PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian Subages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ammonite Chrons of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian			Lujanian					0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian								0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
								Ensenadan					0.3 *
											Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
											Nukumaruan		1.63
								Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian											1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean					2.58
								Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
											Waipipian		3
		Zanclean									Waipipian		3.6
								Montehermosan			Opoitian		3.7 *
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan					4.7
								Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
								Chasicoan					7.9 *
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Chasicoan					9.4
								Mayoan					9.9 *
								Laventan					10.9 *
										Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian											11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
											Lillburnian		13.05
								Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian											13.82
											Clifdenian		15.1
								Friasian			Clifdenian		15.4 *
										Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
								Santacrucian					16.2 *
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Santacrucian					16.3
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
											Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian											20.44
								Deseadan					20.9 *
										Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
						Monroecreekian							23.1 *
						Geringian							24.7 *
											Duntroonian		25.2
											Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
								Tinguirirican					28.9 *
													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
										Arnold	Runangan		34.6
								Divisaderan			Runangan		35.9 *
											Kaiatan		36.7
													37
		Bartonian											37.71
											Bortonian		39.1
					Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
								Mustersan					41.9 *
			Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
				Heretaungan			45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian		46.2
		Ypresian					47.8
							Casamayoran	47.9 *
				Mangaorapan				48.9
				Mangaorapan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
				Waipawan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			52
				Waipawan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican			Teurian	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
				Riochican				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
				Itaboraian						56.9 *
				Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian								59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian							61.6
				Tiupampan					62.4 *
				Tiupampan				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian					Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian							Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
									Mangaotanean	90.5
									Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan	93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
									Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic						Motuan	100.5
									Urutawan	103.3
								Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian							Korangan	113
		Aptian								117.5
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian							125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian								Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
										Planulata	179.3 *
										Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
										Kanense		181.3 *
										Carlottense		182.3 *
										Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian								Kunae		184.2
						Freboldi				185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian										192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras	196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian	358.9
				Middle Famennian	365.3 *
				Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian	372.2
				Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
				Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian	382.7
				Middle Givetian	383.7 *
				Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill		Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan		445.2
					Cautleyan		448.9 *
					Pusgillian		449.3 *
			Caradoc		Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan			451.5 *
					Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian						453
							Actonian †	453.2 *
							Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig		Fennian	468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian	470
					Whitlandian	471.1 *
					Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Cressagian	480.8 *
													485 *