PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Australia	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of West Avalonia	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran								0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian								Lujanian		0.129
										Ensenadan		0.3 *
				Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian								0.774
				Nukumaruan								1.63
										Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian										1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Vorohuean		2.58
										Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
				Waipipian								3
		Zanclean		Waipipian								3.6
				Opoitian						Montehermosan		3.7 *
				Opoitian						Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
										Chasicoan		7.9 *
										Mayoan		9.9 *
										Laventan		10.9 *
			Southland	Waiauan								11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan								11.63
				Lillburnian								13.05
										Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian										13.82
				Clifdenian								15.1
				Clifdenian						Friasian		15.4 *
			Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian										15.98
										Santacrucian		16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
				Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian										20.44
										Deseadan		20.9 *
			Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
				Duntroonian								25.2
				Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan					27.82
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan			Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
			Arnold	Runangan								34.6
				Runangan						Divisaderan		35.9 *
				Kaiatan								36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian								39.1
		Lutetian										41.2
										Mustersan		41.9 *
			Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
				Heretaungan								45.7
		Ypresian						Bumbanian				47.8
										Casamayoran		47.9 *
				Mangaorapan								48.9
				Waipawan								52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian			Gashatan			Riochican		56
										Itaboraian		56.9 *
										Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
		Danian								Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill		Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
							Cautleyan	448.9 *
							Pusgillian	449.3 *
					Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan		451.5 *
							Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
				Longvillian †				455.2 *
				Longvillian †			Aurelucian	456.8 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			Aurelucian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian	467.3		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn
		Dapingian	Arenig	Fennian	468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian	470
				Whitlandian	471.1 *
				Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian	480.8 *
					485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Datsonian				485.4
		Stage 10			Payntonian				486.8 *
		Jiangshanian			Iverian				489.5
		Paibian			Idamean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Mindyallan				497
					Mindyallan				Arcadian	498.4
					Boomerangian					499
		Drumian			Undillan					500.5
		Drumian			Floran					503
		Wuliuan			Templetonian					504.5
		Wuliuan			Ordian					507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4			Ordian				Branchian	509
		Stage 4								510.8 *
		Stage 3								514
		Stage 3							Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
												538.8