PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127393 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene	Lujanian			0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Lujanian			0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene	Ensenadan			0.774
		Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian		Late Pliocene	Vorohuean			2.58
			Villanyian			Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
			Ruscinian						3.1 *
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene				3.6
						Montehermosan			3.7 *
						Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian		Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
						Chasicoan			7.9 *
			Vallesian			Chasicoan			8.7
						Mayoan			9.9 *
						Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian	Astaracian		Middle Miocene	Laventan			11.63
		Serravallian				Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian				Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Orleanian		Early Miocene	Friasian			15.98
						Santacrucian			16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
			Agenian						20
		Aquitanian							20.44
		Aquitanian				Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene				23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene				27.82
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene	Tinguirirican			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene	Tinguirirican			33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene	Divisaderan			35.9 *
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian							41.2
		Lutetian				Mustersan			41.9 *
		Ypresian			Early Eocene	Mustersan			47.8
		Ypresian			Early Eocene	Casamayoran			47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene	Riochican			56
						Itaboraian			56.9 *
						Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene				61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Tiupampan			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill				Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
							Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Pusgillian	449.3 *
			Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan		451.5 *
					Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian					453
						Actonian †	453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig		Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian			470
					Whitlandian			471.1 *
					Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Cressagian			480.8 *
									485 *