PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of Britain		North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian										Nihewanian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Tarantian			Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian	Ionian			Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian	Ionian			Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Yushean		2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
						Hemphillian									4.7
													Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
						Clarendonian									9.4
													Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian													11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian											Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
						Hemingfordian									16.3
						Hemingfordian							Xiejiaan		16.9
						Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
						Whitneyan									29.5
						Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian									47.8
						Wasatchian									50.5
						Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian									56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian				Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian		Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
						Pusgillian			449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
					Berounian		Streffordian			449.7 *
							Cheneyan			451.5 *
							Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Aurelucian						456.8 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
								Liben †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						458.4
					Dobrotivian								458.5 *
					Oretanian								459.7 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
								Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †					467.3
					Arenigian								468
						Arenig	Fennian						468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian						470
							Whitlandian						471.1 *
							Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
							Tremadoc	Cressagian					480.8 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Merioneth								Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10											Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian											Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian											Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			St Davids									497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Caerfai									509
	Series 2	Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8