International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
  • J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
  • F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
  • J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
  • J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleCenozoic Subepochs of Southern EuropeCretaceous-Cenozoic of New ZealandSouth American Land Mammal AgesPaleogene Mammal Ages of AsiaPermian of the PamirsOrdovician of Britain
QuaternaryHoloceneMeghalayanWanganuiHaweran0
Northgrippian0.0042
Greenlandian0.0082
PleistoceneLate PleistoceneTarantianLujanian0.0117
ChibanianIonian0.129
Ensenadan0.3 *
Castlecliffian0.34
Calabrian0.774
Nukumaruan1.63
SanandresianUquian †1.7 *
Gelasian1.8
Mangapanian2.4
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianVorohuean2.58
Chapadmalalan2.9 *
Waipipian3
Zanclean3.6
OpoitianMontehermosan3.7 *
Huayquerian4.9 *
MioceneMessinianTaranakiKapitean5.333
Tongaporutuan7.2
Tortonian7.246
Chasicoan7.9 *
Mayoan9.9 *
Laventan10.9 *
SouthlandWaiauan11.04
Serravallian11.63
Lillburnian13.05
Colloncuran13.7 *
Langhian13.82
Clifdenian15.1
Friasian15.4 *
PareoraAltonian15.9
Burdigalian15.98
Santacrucian16.2 *
Colhuehuapian17.4 *
Otaian18.7
Aquitanian20.44
Deseadan20.9 *
LandonWaitakian21.7
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianTabenbulakianHsandagolian23.03
Duntroonian25.2
Whaingaroan27.3
RupelianKekeamuan27.82
Tinguirirican28.9 *
EocenePriabonianHouldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian33.9
ArnoldRunangan34.6
Divisaderan35.9 *
Kaiatan36.7
BartonianSharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan37.71
Bortonian39.1
Lutetian41.2
Mustersan41.9 *
DannevirkePorangan42.6
Heretaungan45.7
YpresianBumbanian47.8
Casamayoran47.9 *
Mangaorapan48.9
Waipawan52
PaleoceneThanetianTeurianRiochicanGashatan56
Itaboraian56.9 *
Peligran58.9 *
Selandian59.2
Danian61.6
Tiupampan62.4 *
CretaceousLate CretaceousMaastrichtianMataHaumurian66
Campanian72.1
SantonianPiripauan83.6
RaukumaraTeratan86.1
Coniacian86.3
Turonian89.8
Mangaotanean90.5
Arowhanan93.7
Cenomanian93.9
ClarenceNgaterian95.2
Motuan99.5
Early CretaceousAlbian100.5
Urutawan103.3
TaitaiKorangan108.4
Aptian113
117.5
Barremian121.4
Hauterivian125.77
Valanginian132.6
Berriasian139.8
JurassicLate JurassicTithonian145
Kimmeridgian149.2
Oxfordian154.8
Middle JurassicCallovian161.5
Bathonian165.3
Bajocian168.2
Aalenian170.9
Early JurassicToarcian174.7
Pliensbachian184.2
Sinemurian192.9
Hettangian199.5
TriassicLate TriassicRhaetian201.4
Norian208.5
Carnian227
Middle TriassicLadinian237
Anisian242
Early TriassicOlenekian247.2
Induan251.2
PermianLopingianChanghsingianDorashamian251.902
WuchiapingianDzhulfian254.14
GuadalupianCapitanianMidian259.51
Wordian264.28
Murgabian266.2 *
Roadian266.9
CisuralianKungurianKubergandian273.01
Bolorian279.8
Artinskian283.5
Yakhtashian286
SakmarianSakmarian290.1
AsselianAsselian293.52
CarboniferousPennsylvanianGzhelian298.9
Kasimovian303.7
Moscovian307
Bashkirian315.2
MississippianSerpukhovian323.2
Visean330.9
Tournaisian346.7
DevonianLate DevonianFamennian358.9
Frasnian372.2
Middle DevonianGivetian382.7
Eifelian387.7
Early DevonianEmsian393.3
Pragian407.6
Lochkovian410.8
SilurianPridoli419.2
LudlowLudfordian423
Gorstian425.6
WenlockHomerian427.4
Sheinwoodian430.5
LlandoveryTelychian433.4
Aeronian438.5
Rhuddanian440.8
OrdovicianLate OrdovicianHirnantianAshgillHirnantian443.8
KatianRawtheyan445.2
Cautleyan448.9 *
Pusgillian449.3 *
CaradocStreffordianOnnian †449.6 *
Cheneyan451.5 *
Burrellian452.7 *
Sandbian453
Actonian †453.2 *
Marshbrookian †Woolstonian †454.2 *
Longvillian †455.2 *
Aurelucian456.8 *
Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian457.4 *
Middle OrdovicianDarriwilianLlanvirnLlandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn458.4
Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn461.3 *
Dapingian467.3
ArenigFennian468.4 *
Early OrdovicianFloian470
Whitlandian471.1 *
Moridunian474.3 *
TremadocianTremadocMigneintian477.7
Cressagian480.8 *
485 *