PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of England		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian						Lujanian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean											0.129
			Irvingtonian			Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
												Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian												0.774
			Blancan			Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
												Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian										Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Tertiary †			Vorohuean		2.58
		Piacenzian										Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
		Zanclean										Chapadmalalan		3.6
												Montehermosan		3.7 *
			Hemphillian			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Montehermosan		4.7
												Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
												Chasicoan		7.9 *
			Clarendonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Chasicoan		9.4
												Mayoan		9.9 *
												Laventan		10.9 *
		Serravallian												11.63
			Barstovian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
												Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian										Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian										Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian										Friasian		15.98
												Santacrucian		16.2 *
			Hemingfordian			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						Santacrucian		16.3
			Hemingfordian			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
			Arikareean			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian										Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
							Monroecreekian							23.1 *
							Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian												27.82
												Tinguirirican		28.9 *
			Whitneyan											29.5
			Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
			Chadronian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Divisaderan		35.9 *
			Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean											37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
												Mustersan		41.9 *
			Bridgerian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian												47.8
												Casamayoran		47.9 *
			Wasatchian			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
			Clarkforkian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Riochican		56
			Tiffanian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Riochican		56.2
												Itaboraian		56.9 *
												Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian					To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian												61.6
												Tiupampan		62.4 *
			Puercan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8							Tiupampan
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli					Bringewood/Elton	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas			427.4
		Homerian				Wych	Woolhope			428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan	445.2
					Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †		449.6 *
					Cheneyan			451.5 *
					Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian						453
						Actonian †		453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †		454.2 *
						Longvillian †				455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †				456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian					470
					Whitlandian					471.1 *
					Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian					480.8 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †		504.5
														509