PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127252 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of China			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean									0.129
			Irvingtonian									0.21
								Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian										0.774
			Blancan									1.4
								Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan				3.6
								Montehermosan				3.7 *
			Hemphillian					Montehermosan				4.7
								Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
								Chasicoan				7.9 *
			Clarendonian					Chasicoan				9.4
								Mayoan				9.9 *
								Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian										11.63
			Barstovian									12.5
								Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian						Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian				15.98
								Santacrucian				16.2 *
			Hemingfordian					Santacrucian				16.3
			Hemingfordian					Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
			Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
								Tinguirirican				28.9 *
			Whitneyan									29.5
			Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian									33.9
			Chadronian					Divisaderan				35.9 *
			Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
								Mustersan				41.9 *
			Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian										47.8
								Casamayoran				47.9 *
			Wasatchian									50.5
			Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian					Riochican				56
			Tiffanian					Riochican				56.2
								Itaboraian				56.9 *
								Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian										61.6
								Tiupampan				62.4 *
			Puercan					Tiupampan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			100.5
		Aptian			113
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †		Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian					Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
			Pusgillian					449.3 *
			Pusgillian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
			Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
				Cheneyan					451.5 *
				Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
				Aurelucian				Longvillian †		456.8 *
				Aurelucian				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
				Guniu †/Hulo		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
				Hunjiang †			Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian	Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian			Fennian				470
						Whitlandian				471.1 *
						Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian		Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
						Migneintian	Lianghekou †			477.9 *
						Cressagian				480.8 *
										485 *
												485.4