PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Precambrian of Russia	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of China		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of Britain
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean										0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean										0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean										0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean										0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian										0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian										0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan										1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
				Zanclean											3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian										4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian	Clarendonian										9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian										11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian										12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian											15.98
					Hemingfordian										16.3
					Arikareean										18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Rupelian											27.82
					Whitneyan										29.5
					Orellan										31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian										33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean										37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean										37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan										39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan										41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian										46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian										47.8
					Wasatchian										50.5
					Clarkforkian										54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian										56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian										56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian										59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian										60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian										61.6
				Danian	Puercan										63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras					168.2
				Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
				Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
Planulata						179.3 *
Planulata						Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
Kanense							181.3 *
Carlottense							182.3 *
Kunae							183.5 *
Kunae				Pliensbachian			184.2
Freboldi							185.1 *
Whiteavesi/Imlayi							Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras							Canadensis	190.3 *
				Sinemurian				192.9
Pseudaetomoceras						Psiloceras		196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian					208.5
			Carnian					227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill				Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
					Caradoc				Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian								453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
			Darriwilian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
			Dapingian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
			Dapingian		Arenig				Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian			470
									Whitlandian			471.1 *
									Moridunian			474.3 *
			Tremadocian		Tremadoc				Migneintian			477.7
					Tremadoc				Cressagian			480.8 *
												485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian				Paibian					494
			Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *	Paibian
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian	Drumian		Wangcunian †	500.5
			Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian			509
		Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian			521
Fortunian			529	Meishucunian
Fortunian			Jinnigian	530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian						538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian					Karatau						800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau						1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian						1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian						1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan						1375
															1400