PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127292 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Land Mammal Ages	Precambrian of Russia	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of China		Ammonite Chrons of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean						0
				Meghalayan								Santarosean						0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian													0.0117
				Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean						0.014
				Chibanian								Rancholabrean						0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan							Irvingtonian						0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan							Irvingtonian						0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian							Blancan						1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
				Zanclean														3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							Hemphillian						4.7
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Clarendonian						11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							Hemingfordian						16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						Arikareean						18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
						Monroecreekian												23.1 *
						Geringian												24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian												27.82
												Whitneyan						29.5
												Orellan						31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Chadronian						33.9
				Priabonian								Duchesnean						37
				Bartonian								Duchesnean						37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							Bridgerian						46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							Bridgerian						47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Wasatchian						50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Clarkforkian						54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Clarkforkian						56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Tiffanian						56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Tiffanian						59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1					Torrejonian						60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1					Torrejonian						61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					Puercan						63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian														72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
				Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian													Epizigzagiceras	168.2
				Bajocian													Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				174.7
				Planulata				179.3 *
				Planulata				Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense					181.3 *
				Carlottense					182.3 *
				Kunae					183.5 *
			Pliensbachian	Kunae					184.2
				Freboldi					185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian							192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras				Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
			Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
			Norian							208.5
			Carnian							227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
			Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian				303.7
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian				307
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian				323.2
			Visean			Middle Mississippian				330.9
			Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni			Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian				Pirgu				Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Vormsi			Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Nabala						Johvi †	450 *
						Viru	Rakvere							450.6 *
							Rakvere				Cheneyan			451.5 *
							Oandu				Cheneyan			452 *
							Oandu				Burrellian			452.7 *
			Sandbian				Keila						Idavere †	453
							Keila					Actonian †		453.2 *
							Haljala					Actonian †		453.9
												Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †			455.2 *
							Kukruse								456.4 *
											Aurelucian				456.8 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
							Uhaku					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
							Lasnamagi								458.9 *
							Aseri								460.4 *
							Aseri				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
						Oeland	Kunda								462.9 *
							Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
							Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
			Dapingian	467.3
				Arenig				Fennian		468.4 *
							Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
							Hunneberg	Whitlandian			473.7 *
Moridunian								474.3 *
Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
				Cressagian				480.8 *
							Varangu	481.3 *
							Pakerort	482.2 *
								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †		485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian							Paibian				494
		Paibian							Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Guzhangian		Wangcunian †		497
		Drumian							Drumian		Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Duyunian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian				530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian											Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau			1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan			1375
																		1400