PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ammonite Chrons of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Lujanian						0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian									0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan									0.21
						Ensenadan						0.3 *
									Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian										0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
									Nukumaruan			1.63
						Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian										1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean						2.58
						Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
									Waipipian			3
		Zanclean							Waipipian			3.6
						Montehermosan			Opoitian			3.7 *
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan						4.7
						Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
						Chasicoan						7.9 *
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Chasicoan						9.4
						Mayoan						9.9 *
						Laventan						10.9 *
								Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian										11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
									Lillburnian			13.05
						Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian										13.82
									Clifdenian			15.1
						Friasian			Clifdenian			15.4 *
								Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian										15.98
						Santacrucian						16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Santacrucian						16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
									Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian										20.44
						Deseadan						20.9 *
								Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
									Duntroonian			25.2
									Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian										27.82
						Tinguirirican						28.9 *
												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									33.9
								Arnold	Runangan			34.6
						Divisaderan			Runangan			35.9 *
									Kaiatan			36.7
												37
		Bartonian										37.71
									Bortonian			39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
						Mustersan						41.9 *
					Dannevirke			Porangan	42.6
								Heretaungan	45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian							47.8
						Casamayoran			47.9 *
								Mangaorapan	48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Mangaorapan	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Waipawan	52
								Waipawan	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Riochican		Teurian	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
						Riochican			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
						Itaboraian				56.9 *
						Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian								59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian					61.6
						Tiupampan	62.4 *
						Tiupampan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian						Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
								Mangaotanean	90.5
								Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan	93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
								Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan	100.5
								Urutawan	103.3
							Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian						Korangan	113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
									Planulata	179.3 *
									Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
									Kanense		181.3 *
									Carlottense		182.3 *
									Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian							Kunae		184.2
				Freboldi					185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian									192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras						Psiloceras	196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill		Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan	445.2
					Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Pusgillian	449.3 *
			Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan		451.5 *
					Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian					453
						Actonian †	453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig		Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian			470
					Whitlandian			471.1 *
					Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Cressagian			480.8 *
												485 *