PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of China			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of North America					European Faunal Units	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian		Late Pleistocene												Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian		Middle Pleistocene													0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan		Middle Pleistocene													0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan		Early Pleistocene													0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †														1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean		Late Pliocene											Villanyian	Yushean	2.58
			Chapadmalalan													Villanyian		2.9 *
																Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene													3.6
			Montehermosan															3.7 *
			Huayquerian														Baodean	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene											Turolian		5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
			Chasicoan															7.9 *
			Chasicoan													Vallesian		8.7
			Mayoan															9.9 *
			Laventan															10.9 *
																	Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene											Astaracian		11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran															13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran														Shanwangian	13.82
		Langhian	Friasian															15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian		Early Miocene											Orleanian		15.98
			Santacrucian															16.2 *
			Santacrucian														Xiejiaan	16.9
			Colhuehuapian															17.4 *
																Agenian		20
		Aquitanian																20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan															20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene				Kekeamuan									27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican		Early Oligocene				Kekeamuan									28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican		Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan		Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									35.9 *
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan															41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan		Early Eocene					Bumbanian								47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran		Early Eocene					Bumbanian								47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican		Late Paleocene				Gashatan									56
			Itaboraian															56.9 *
			Peligran															58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene													61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan		Early Paleocene													62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian					Gamachian		Rawtheyan	445.2
									Richmondian		Rawtheyan	446 *
			Cautleyan		448.9 *
			Pusgillian		449.3 *
			Pusgillian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
			Caradoc				Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
									Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian			450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
							Cheneyan					451.5 *
							Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
										Actonian †		453.2 *
									Turinian	Actonian †		453.7 *
										Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †			455.2 *
							Aurelucian						456.8 *
								Whiterockian			Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
				Guniu †/Hulo			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
				Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo									466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian											467.3
						Arenig	Fennian							468.4 *
									Rangerian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
							Whitlandian		Blackhillsian						471.1 *
							Whitlandian		Tulean						473.9 *
							Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian			Tremadoc	Migneintian								477.7
					Lianghekou †										477.9 *
									Stairsian						480.3 *
							Cressagian		Stairsian						480.8 *
							Cressagian		Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
														Demingian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													485.4
																		487.5