PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of Britain
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							0
				Northgrippian							0.0042
				Greenlandian							0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Tarantian		0.0117
				Chibanian					Ionian		0.129
				Calabrian							0.774
				Gelasian							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean							3.6
			Miocene	Messinian							5.333
				Tortonian							7.246
				Serravallian							11.63
				Langhian							13.82
				Burdigalian							15.98
				Aquitanian							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian							27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian							33.9
				Bartonian							37.71
				Lutetian							41.2
				Ypresian							47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian							56
				Selandian							59.2
				Danian							61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian			66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian						100.5
					Middle Albian						106.2 *
					Early Albian						109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian						113
				Aptian	Early Aptian						119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian						139.8
					Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
					Early Berriasian						142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian						168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian						168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian						174.7
					Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
					Early Toarcian						182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
				Norian	Sevatian						208.5
					Alaunian						213.2 *
					Lacian						216.7 *
				Carnian	Tuvalian						227
				Carnian	Julian						233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †		298.9
			Kasimovian		Mapingian †		303.7
			Kasimovian				305.9
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
						Cheneyan		451.5 *
						Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian					453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
						Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
						Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
			Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
			Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
			Dapingian			Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian			470
							Whitlandian			471.1 *
							Moridunian			474.3 *
			Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
						Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
										485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
Fortunian		Terreneuvian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								1000
		Ectasian								1200
		Calymmian								1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian								1600
		Orosirian								1800
		Rhyacian								2050
		Siderian								2300
Archean	Neoarchean				2500
	Mesoarchean				2800
	Paleoarchean				3200
	Eoarchean				3600
Hadean					4000
											4600