PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian		Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian			Lujanian		Ionian		0.129
		Chibanian			Ensenadan		Ionian		0.3 *
		Calabrian			Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan				3.6
					Montehermosan				3.7 *
					Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian							5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
					Chasicoan				7.9 *
					Mayoan				9.9 *
					Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian			Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian			Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian			Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian				15.98
					Santacrucian				16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
		Rupelian							27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian			Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian							37.71
		Lutetian							41.2
		Lutetian			Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian			Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian			Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican				56
					Itaboraian				56.9 *
					Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian							59.2
		Danian							61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian						100.5
			Middle Albian						106.2 *
			Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian						113
		Aptian	Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian						139.8
			Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
			Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan	445.2
						Cautleyan	448.9 *
						Pusgillian	449.3 *
					Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
						Cheneyan		451.5 *
				Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian				453
						Actonian †	453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †		455.2 *
				Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
				Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian			470
					Whitlandian			471.1 *
					Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
									485 *