PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Tarantian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	Tarantian			0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean	Ionian			0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian	Ionian			0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean							Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian							Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian							Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
									Hemingfordian				16.3
									Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
									Whitneyan				29.5
									Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian							Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian							Bridgerian				47.8
									Wasatchian				50.5
									Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian							Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	Rawtheyan		445.2
						Cautleyan		448.9 *
						Pusgillian		449.3 *
				Caradoc		Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
			Berounian			Streffordian	449.7 *
						Cheneyan	451.5 *
						Burrellian	452.7 *
		Sandbian					453
							Actonian †	453.2 *
							Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Aurelucian					456.8 *
							Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
					Liben †		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
			Dobrotivian								458.5 *
			Oretanian								459.7 *
						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
					Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †						467.3
			Arenigian								468
				Arenig		Fennian					468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian					470
						Whitlandian					471.1 *
						Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
					Tremadoc	Cressagian					480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
													538.8