PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
					Hemingfordian						16.3
					Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan								27.82
					Whitneyan						29.5
					Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian	Bridgerian						47.8
					Wasatchian						50.5
					Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan		Clarkforkian						56
		Thanetian	Gashatan		Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian			Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian	264.28
		Roadian				Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Bolindian	Ashgill				Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan			445.2
					Cautleyan			448.9 *
			Eastonian		Cautleyan			449 *
					Pusgillian			449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan				451.5 *
			Gisbornian		Cheneyan				452 *
					Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian			Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian	Yapeenian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
			Yapeenian	Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
			Castlemainian							468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian							470
			Chewtonian		Whitlandian					471.1 *
			Bendigonian							471.8 *
			Lancefieldian							473.5 *
					Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
					Cressagian					480.8 *
			Warendian		Cressagian					482.8 *
			Warendian							485 *
											485.4