PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127472 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ten Million Year Bins	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
								18.5
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Arikareean	Late Oligocene	Cenozoic 4	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian	Arikareean	Early Oligocene		Kekeamuan		27.82
			Whitneyan					29.5
			Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Late Eocene	Cenozoic 3	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean	Late Eocene		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean	Middle Eocene		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan		Cenozoic 2			41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian	Early Eocene			Bumbanian	47.8
			Wasatchian					50.5
			Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene	Cenozoic 1	Gashatan		56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian	Late Paleocene		Gashatan		56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene				60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian	Early Paleocene				61.6
		Danian	Puercan	Early Paleocene				63.8
								66