PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Australia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of China	Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian						0.0117
		Chibanian			Lujanian						0.129
		Chibanian			Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian			Ensenadan						0.774
		Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean						2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan						3.6
					Montehermosan						3.7 *
					Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
					Chasicoan						7.9 *
					Mayoan						9.9 *
					Laventan						10.9 *
		Serravallian			Laventan						11.63
		Serravallian			Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian			Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian						15.98
					Santacrucian						16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
		Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian						20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Tinguirirican						33.9
		Priabonian			Divisaderan						35.9 *
		Bartonian									37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Lutetian			Mustersan						41.9 *
		Ypresian			Mustersan						47.8
		Ypresian			Casamayoran						47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican						56
					Itaboraian						56.9 *
					Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian								66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian				300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian	Pirgu		Bolindian		445.2
			Pirgu		Eastonian		449 *
			Vormsi				449.6 *
			Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
			Viru			Rakvere		450.6 *
					Gisbornian	Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian				Keila	Idavere †	453
						Haljala		453.9
						Kukruse		456.4 *
						Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Uhaku		458.4
						Lasnamagi		458.9 *
						Aseri		460.4 *
			Oeland			Kunda		462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Yapeenian				467.3
					Castlemainian				468.5 *
					Castlemainian	Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian				470
					Chewtonian		Latorp †		470.1 *
					Bendigonian				471.8 *
					Lancefieldian				473.5 *
						Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg			477.7
						Varangu			481.3 *
						Pakerort			482.2 *
					Warendian				482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian			485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
											538.8