PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian					0.0117
		Chibanian				Sheridanian					0.129
		Chibanian				Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
		Calabrian				Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
		Calabrian				Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
							Monroecreekian				23.1 *
							Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian					Geringian				27.82
		Rupelian									29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian									37
		Bartonian									37.71
		Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian						To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Pirgu	445.2
						Vormsi	449.6 *
						Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
					Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
						Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian				Keila	Idavere †	453
						Haljala		453.9
						Kukruse		456.4 *
						Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku		458.4
						Lasnamagi		458.9 *
						Aseri		460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
							Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg			477.7
						Varangu			481.3 *
						Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort	Late Cambrian			485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
											538.8