PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian						0.129
		Chibanian			Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian			Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
						Monroecreekian					23.1 *
						Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian				Geringian					27.82
		Rupelian									29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian									37
		Bartonian									37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian				273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian				281.9 *
		Artinskian		Hessian				283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian				286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian				290.1
		Asselian		Nealian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni		443.8
		Katian				Pirgu	445.2
						Vormsi	449.6 *
						Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
					Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
						Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian				Keila	Idavere †	453
						Haljala		453.9
						Kukruse		456.4 *
						Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku		458.4
						Lasnamagi		458.9 *
						Aseri		460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
							Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg			477.7
						Varangu			481.3 *
						Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort	Late Cambrian			485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
											538.8