PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

Show less time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of North America		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian					0.0117
		Chibanian							Sheridanian					0.129
		Chibanian							Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
		Calabrian							Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
		Calabrian							Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †										2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
										Monroecreekian				23.1 *
										Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian								Geringian				27.82
		Rupelian												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian												37
		Bartonian												37.71
		Bartonian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian									To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian									To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian			Wordian	264.28
		Roadian			Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian				Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian	383.7 *
							Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian					Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
								Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
								Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku		458.4
								Lasnamagi		458.9 *
								Aseri		460.4 *
							Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg			477.7
								Varangu			481.3 *
			Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort					Late Cambrian			485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †			Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
														538.8