PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran				0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian					Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian					Middle Pleistocene		0.129
			Ensenadan							0.3 *
						Castlecliffian				0.34
		Calabrian				Castlecliffian		Early Pleistocene		0.774
						Nukumaruan				1.63
			Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian					MN 17			1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian	MN 17			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean				MN 16	Late Pliocene		2.58
			Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
						Waipipian				3
							MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene		3.6
			Montehermosan			Opoitian				3.7 *
			Montehermosan				MN 14			4.2
			Huayquerian				MN 13			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean		Late Miocene		5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian					MN 12			7.246
							MN 11			7.75
			Chasicoan				MN 11			7.9 *
							MN 10			8.7
							MN 9			9.7
			Mayoan							9.9 *
			Laventan							10.9 *
					Southland	Waiauan				11.04
							MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian					MN 7 + 8	Middle Miocene		11.63
							MN 6			12.8 *
						Lillburnian				13.05
			Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian					MN 5			13.82
						Clifdenian				15.1
			Friasian			Clifdenian				15.4 *
					Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian					MN 4	Early Miocene		15.98
			Santacrucian				MN 4			16.2 *
			Santacrucian				MN 3			16.9
			Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
						Otaian				18.7
							MN 2			20
		Aquitanian								20.44
			Deseadan							20.9 *
					Landon	Waitakian				21.7
							MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene		23.03
						Duntroonian				25.2
						Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene		27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican					Early Oligocene		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene		33.9
					Arnold	Runangan				34.6
			Divisaderan			Runangan				35.9 *
						Kaiatan				36.7
		Bartonian				Kaiatan		Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian				Bortonian				39.1
		Lutetian								41.2
			Mustersan							41.9 *
					Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
						Heretaungan				45.7
		Ypresian						Early Eocene	47.8
			Casamayoran						47.9 *
						Mangaorapan			48.9
						Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican			Teurian		Late Paleocene	56
			Itaboraian						56.9 *
			Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan					Early Paleocene	62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian				Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju			Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Pirgu	445.2
						Vormsi	449.6 *
						Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
			Viru			Rakvere		450.6 *
						Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian				Keila	Idavere †	453
						Haljala		453.9
						Kukruse		456.4 *
						Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4	Uhaku
					Lasnamagi	458.9 *
					Aseri	460.4 *
			Oeland		Kunda	462.9 *
					Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
				Volkhov	Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian		Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian		Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
					Latorp †		470.1 *
				Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Hunneberg			477.7
				Varangu			481.3 *
				Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort	Late Cambrian			485.4
								486.3 *
								486.5
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
										538.8