PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125962 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Salt Range	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian of England
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene				Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene				Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian					Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Waipipian		3
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene				Waipipian		3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene				Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene			Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian					Tongaporutuan		7.246
		Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene				Waiauan		11.63
		Serravallian					Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian		13.82
							Clifdenian		15.1
						Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene				Altonian		15.98
		Burdigalian					Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene				Waitakian		23.03
							Duntroonian		25.2
							Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene						33.9
						Arnold	Runangan		34.6
							Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene				Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian					Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian					Bortonian		41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
							Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian	Early Eocene				Heretaungan		47.8
							Mangaorapan		48.9
							Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Teurian		56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
							Mangaotanean		90.5
							Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan		93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
							Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan		100.5
							Urutawan		103.3
						Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian					Korangan		113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Induan				251.2
		Induan				Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai		251.902
								252.4 *
						Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru		254.14
						Kalabagh		255 *
						Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
						Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb		266.9
		Roadian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine			419.2
	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton			421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas			427.4
		Homerian	Wych		Woolhope			428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran			Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran				514
				Montezuman				514.8 *
				Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
									538.8