PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126150 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Permian of the Pamirs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Eastern North America		Cambrian of Kazakhstan
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran				0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian											0.129
		Chibanian							Castlecliffian				0.34
		Calabrian							Castlecliffian				0.774
		Calabrian							Nukumaruan				1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan				1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian						Mangapanian				2.58
			Villanyian						Waipipian				3
			Ruscinian										3.1 *
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean							Opoitian				3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian					Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
			Vallesian										8.7
			Vallesian					Southland	Waiauan				11.04
		Serravallian	Astaracian						Waiauan				11.63
		Serravallian							Lillburnian				13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian				13.82
									Clifdenian				15.1
								Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian	Orleanian						Altonian				15.98
			Orleanian						Otaian				18.7
			Agenian										20
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian				21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Waitakian				23.03
									Duntroonian				25.2
									Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
								Arnold	Runangan				34.6
									Kaiatan				36.7
		Bartonian							Kaiatan				37.71
		Bartonian							Bortonian				39.1
		Lutetian							Bortonian				41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
									Heretaungan				45.7
		Ypresian							Heretaungan				47.8
									Mangaorapan				48.9
									Waipawan				52
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian				56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian							Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
									Mangaotanean				90.5
									Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan				93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
									Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan				100.5
									Urutawan				103.3
								Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian							Korangan				113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
					Planulata	179.3 *
					Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Kanense		181.3 *
					Carlottense		182.3 *
					Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae		184.2
					Freboldi		185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian						192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian					259.51
		Wordian	Midian					264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian					266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian					273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian					279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian					283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian					286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
				Aksaian								490.7 *
				Sakian								492.2 *
											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian					Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian								500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian								503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian					Topazan			504.5
									Topazan			505.3
									Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Waucoban †				509
				Toyonian							510 *
				Toyonian	Dyeran	511 *
				Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3				514
					Montezuman	514.8 *
				Atdabanian	Montezuman	515.6 *
				Atdabanian	Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		521
		Stage 2				525.5
		Fortunian				529
													538.8