PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126150 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of China	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Devonian of Germany	Silurian of the Baltic		Silurian of England
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian										0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian										11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									33.9
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan									56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Meishanian							251.902
		Changhsingian			Baoqingian							253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian						254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Laibinian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian						257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian						259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian						264.28
		Roadian			Kuhfengian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian							273.01
		Artinskian			Luodianian							283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian							285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
								Ohesaare		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
								Kaugetuma		Bringewood/Elton	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla				423.4 *		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian	Buildwas					426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian	Buildwas	Rootsikula				427.4
			Wych	Rootsikula				Woolhope	428.4 *
				Jaagarahu					429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu					430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani					431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani					433.4
				Adavere					434 *
									436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
			Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
				Raikkula					439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula					440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3							Dyeran		514
									Montezuman		514.8 *
									Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
												538.8