PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126197 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian												Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan											Irvingtonian	0.21
												Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian											Blancan	1.4
												Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian										Waipipian			3
		Zanclean										Waipipian			3.6
												Opoitian			3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Opoitian		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											Clarendonian	9.4
											Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian													11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											Barstovian	12.5
												Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian			13.82
												Clifdenian			15.1
											Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										Arikareean	18.5
												Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
				Monroecreekian											23.1 *
				Geringian											24.7 *
												Duntroonian			25.2
												Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian											Chadronian	33.9
											Arnold	Runangan			34.6
												Kaiatan			36.7
														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													37.71
												Bortonian			39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
												Heretaungan			45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian													47.8
												Mangaorapan			48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Mangaorapan		Wasatchian	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Waipawan		Wasatchian	52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Waipawan		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Teurian		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1									Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	61.6								Torrejonian
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	Senonian		66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
								Mangaotanean			90.5
								Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Arowhanan			93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
								Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian		Motuan	Gallic		100.5
						Late Albian		Urutawan			103.3
						Middle Albian		Urutawan			106.2 *
						Middle Albian	Taitai	Korangan			108.4
						Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian					113
						Late Aptian					117.5
						Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian					139.8
						Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
						Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian						174.7
						Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
						Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		Vokhmian						247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian								248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian								251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Buntsandstein						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Ohre/Aller						259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Leine						264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian					303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian					307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian					323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian					330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan							Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian							Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian							Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian											407.6
		Lochkovian											410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian		Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian		Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3							Dyeran			514
									Montezuman			514.8 *
									Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
															538.8