PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125938 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian Ages of Europe	Silurian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian							0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian							0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan							0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
				Monroecreekian						23.1 *
				Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian						27.82
		Rupelian								29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian								37
		Bartonian								37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli			Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian			Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian			Lockportian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
						440.7 *
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian					Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran		514
							Montezuman		514.8 *
							Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
										538.8