PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126192 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Pamirs	Devonian of France	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran				0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian							Castlecliffian			Middle Pleistocene	0.34
		Calabrian							Castlecliffian			Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian							Nukumaruan				1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan				1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Yushean		Mangapanian			Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian							Waipipian			Late Pliocene	3
		Zanclean							Waipipian			Early Pliocene	3.6
									Opoitian				3.7
							Baodean		Opoitian				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean			Late Miocene	5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian							Tongaporutuan				7.246
								Southland	Waiauan				11.04
							Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian							Lillburnian				13.05
		Langhian					Shanwangian		Lillburnian				13.82
									Clifdenian				15.1
								Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene	15.98
							Xiejiaan						16.9
									Otaian				18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian				20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian				21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Waitakian			Late Oligocene	23.03
									Duntroonian				25.2
									Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene	33.9
								Arnold	Runangan				34.6
									Kaiatan				36.7
		Bartonian							Kaiatan			Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian							Bortonian				39.1
		Lutetian							Bortonian				41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
									Heretaungan				45.7
		Ypresian							Heretaungan			Early Eocene	47.8
									Mangaorapan				48.9
									Waipawan				52
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian			Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian							Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
									Mangaotanean				90.5
									Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan				93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
									Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan				100.5
									Urutawan				103.3
								Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian							Korangan				113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan	150
					Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
		Bajocian						Humphresianum		168.4
		Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		Thouarsense		174.7
				Herangi	Ururoan			Thouarsense		176
										180.1
						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
		Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				188.9
		Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
		Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian				201.4
		Norian				Warepan				208.5
						Otamitan				217
						Oretian				221
		Carnian				Oretian				227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan				227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan				237
		Ladinian				Etalian	238
		Anisian				Etalian	242
		Anisian				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan				Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan			DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	Dorashamian			251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	Dorashamian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Dzhulfian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	Dzhulfian			254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian	Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian					Flettian			264.28
							Barettian			266
					Murgabian					266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian					273.01
					Kubergandian		Mangapirian			276
					Bolorian					279.8
		Artinskian								283.5
							Telfordian			285
					Yakhtashian		Telfordian			286
					Yakhtashian					288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian			Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien						408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian		489.5					Sunwaptan
		Jiangshanian		Steptoean					493 *
		Paibian		Steptoean					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian				Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran				Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran					514
				Montezuman					514.8 *
				Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
													538.8