PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128315 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene		Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene		Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene		Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian							Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene					2.58
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian						Pannonian				7.246
		Tortonian						Pannonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene	Sarmatian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
								Sarmatian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
								Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene					15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene					23.03
										Monroecreekian		23.1 *
										Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene			Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene					29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene					37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene					37.71
		Bartonian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian					Late Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene				To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian					Early Paleocene				To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian					Early Paleocene				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites									168.2
		Bajocian		Humphresianum								168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense								174.7
			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons									180.1
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum									182
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni									184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian			Wordian	264.28
		Roadian			Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian						273.01
		Kungurian				Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian				Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian				Nealian		293.52
												298.9