PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128315 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of China	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian						Sheridanian			0.129
								Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
						Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian									0.774
								Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
						Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan					1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian					2.58
		Piacenzian				Waipipian					3
		Zanclean				Waipipian					3.6
						Opoitian					3.7
						Opoitian		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian									7.246
								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
					Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian									11.63
								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
						Lillburnian					13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian					13.82
						Clifdenian					15.1
					Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian									15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
						Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian					20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
									Monroecreekian		23.1 *
									Geringian		24.7 *
						Duntroonian					25.2
						Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian									27.82
		Rupelian									29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
					Arnold	Runangan					34.6
						Kaiatan					36.7
											37
		Bartonian									37.71
						Bortonian					39.1
								Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
						Heretaungan					45.7
								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian									47.8
						Mangaorapan					48.9
						Mangaorapan		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
						Waipawan		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			52
						Waipawan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian								To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian					66
		Campanian	72.1			Haumurian
		Santonian	Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
				Mangaotanean	90.5
				Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	100.5
				Urutawan	103.3
			Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	113
		Aptian			117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian					Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian					Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian		298.9
											300.1