PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128315 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene				Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene				Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene				Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian							Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene							2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene							3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian		Pannonian								7.246
		Tortonian		Pannonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian		Sarmatian	Middle Miocene				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
				Sarmatian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
				Badenian								12.8 *
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene							15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene							23.03
										Monroecreekian		23.1 *
										Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene					Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene							29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene							37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene							37.71
		Bartonian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene						To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Gallic	Late Albian					100.5
							Middle Albian					106.2 *
							Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian					113
		Aptian					Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian					139.8
							Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
							Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †			298.9
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Kasimovian		Mapingian †			303.7
												305.9