PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13344 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Zones	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6									0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian					Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Ionian					Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Ionian					Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene							Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian								Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian							MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene						MN 16				2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene						MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene						MN 15				3.6
									MN 14				4.2
									MN 14	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
									MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene						MN 13				5.333
		Tortonian						Pannonian	MN 12				7.246
									MN 11				7.75
									MN 10				8.7
									MN 10	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
									MN 9				9.7
									MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Cenozoic 5				Sarmatian					11.63
								Sarmatian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
								Badenian	MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian							MN 5				13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene						MN 4				15.98
									MN 4	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
									MN 3	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.9
									MN 3	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
									MN 2				20
		Aquitanian							MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian							MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene	Cenozoic 4		MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25						23.03
											Monroecreekian		23.1 *
											Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene			MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21					Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene			MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21							29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Cenozoic 3		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A							37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene			MP 16							37.71
		Bartonian				MP 16				Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian		Cenozoic 2		MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian				MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene			MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Cenozoic 1		MP 6	MP 1 - 5					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene			MP 6						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene									To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene									To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8									66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7									72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6									83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4									100.5
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3									113
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2									125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1									132.6
		Berriasian		Cretaceous 1									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6									145
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5									149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4									165.3
		Bajocian		Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian		Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian		Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
													538.8