PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13391 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ten Million Year Bins	European Faunal Zones	South American Land Mammal Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran	Cenozoic 6						0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene					Lujanian				0.129
								Ensenadan				0.3 *
					Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Castlecliffian							0.774
					Nukumaruan							1.63
								Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian					MN 17					1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian		MN 17					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				MN 16	Vorohuean				2.58
								Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
					Waipipian							3
							MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene									3.6
					Opoitian			Montehermosan				3.7 *
							MN 14	Montehermosan				4.2
							MN 13	Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian					MN 12					7.246
							MN 11					7.75
							MN 11	Chasicoan				7.9 *
							MN 10					8.7
							MN 9					9.7
								Mayoan				9.9 *
								Laventan				10.9 *
				Southland	Waiauan							11.04
							MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene			Cenozoic 5	MN 7 + 8					11.63
							MN 6					12.8 *
					Lillburnian							13.05
								Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian					MN 5					13.82
					Clifdenian							15.1
					Clifdenian			Friasian				15.4 *
				Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene				MN 4					15.98
							MN 4	Santacrucian				16.2 *
							MN 3	Santacrucian				16.9
								Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
					Otaian							18.7
							MN 2					20
		Aquitanian										20.44
								Deseadan				20.9 *
				Landon	Waitakian							21.7
							MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene			Cenozoic 4				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
					Duntroonian							25.2
					Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene							Kekeamuan		27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene					Tinguirirican		Kekeamuan		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene			Cenozoic 3				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Arnold	Runangan							34.6
					Runangan			Divisaderan				35.9 *
					Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene		Kaiatan					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2						41.2
								Mustersan				41.9 *
				Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
					Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian	Early Eocene								Bumbanian	47.8
								Casamayoran				47.9 *
					Mangaorapan							48.9
					Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Teurian	Cenozoic 1		Riochican		Gashatan		56
								Itaboraian				56.9 *
								Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene									61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene					Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	Cretaceous 8						66
		Campanian			Haumurian	Cretaceous 7						72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan	Cretaceous 6						83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
					Mangaotanean				90.5
					Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan	Cretaceous 5			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
					Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	Cretaceous 4			100.5
					Urutawan				103.3
				Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	Cretaceous 3			113
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3			117.5
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2			121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2			125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1			132.6
		Berriasian				Cretaceous 1			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6			145
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5			149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian				Jurassic 4			165.3
		Bajocian				Jurassic 4			168.2
		Aalenian				Jurassic 3			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Jurassic 3			174.7
		Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2			184.2
		Sinemurian				Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian				Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian				Triassic 4			208.5
		Carnian				Triassic 3			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				Triassic 2			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Triassic 1			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian				Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian				Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian				Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean				Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian				Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
												538.8