PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13391 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones	South American Land Mammal Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene				Lujanian				0.129
							Ensenadan				0.3 *
					Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Castlecliffian						0.774
					Nukumaruan						1.63
							Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian				MN 17					1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian	MN 17					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene			MN 16	Vorohuean				2.58
							Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
					Waipipian						3
						MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene								3.6
					Opoitian		Montehermosan				3.7 *
						MN 14	Montehermosan				4.2
						MN 13	Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian				MN 12					7.246
						MN 11					7.75
						MN 11	Chasicoan				7.9 *
						MN 10					8.7
						MN 9					9.7
							Mayoan				9.9 *
							Laventan				10.9 *
				Southland	Waiauan						11.04
						MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene			MN 7 + 8					11.63
						MN 6					12.8 *
					Lillburnian						13.05
							Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian				MN 5					13.82
					Clifdenian						15.1
					Clifdenian		Friasian				15.4 *
				Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene			MN 4					15.98
						MN 4	Santacrucian				16.2 *
						MN 3	Santacrucian				16.9
							Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
					Otaian						18.7
						MN 2					20
		Aquitanian									20.44
							Deseadan				20.9 *
				Landon	Waitakian						21.7
						MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
					Duntroonian						25.2
					Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene						Kekeamuan		27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene				Tinguirirican		Kekeamuan		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Arnold	Runangan						34.6
					Runangan		Divisaderan				35.9 *
					Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene		Kaiatan				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian									41.2
							Mustersan				41.9 *
				Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
					Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian	Early Eocene							Bumbanian	47.8
							Casamayoran				47.9 *
					Mangaorapan						48.9
					Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Teurian		Riochican		Gashatan		56
							Itaboraian				56.9 *
							Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene								61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene				Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian						66
		Campanian			Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan			100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian			Korangan			113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
											145