PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13283 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			South American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian			0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene						Lujanian			0.129
									Ensenadan			0.3 *
					Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Castlecliffian							0.774
					Nukumaruan							1.63
									Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian									MN 17	1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian						MN 17	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene			Tertiary †			Vorohuean		MN 16	2.58
									Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
					Waipipian							3
											MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene									3.6
					Opoitian				Montehermosan			3.7 *
									Montehermosan		MN 14	4.2
									Huayquerian		MN 13	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian									MN 12	7.246
											MN 11	7.75
									Chasicoan		MN 11	7.9 *
											MN 10	8.7
											MN 9	9.7
									Mayoan			9.9 *
									Laventan			10.9 *
				Southland	Waiauan							11.04
											MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene								MN 7 + 8	11.63
											MN 6	12.8 *
					Lillburnian							13.05
									Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian									MN 5	13.82
					Clifdenian							15.1
					Clifdenian				Friasian			15.4 *
				Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene								MN 4	15.98
									Santacrucian		MN 4	16.2 *
									Santacrucian		MN 3	16.9
									Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
					Otaian							18.7
											MN 2	20
		Aquitanian										20.44
									Deseadan			20.9 *
				Landon	Waitakian							21.7
											MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene									23.03
					Duntroonian							25.2
					Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene									27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene						Tinguirirican			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene									33.9
				Arnold	Runangan							34.6
					Runangan				Divisaderan			35.9 *
					Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene		Kaiatan							37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian										41.2
									Mustersan			41.9 *
				Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
					Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian	Early Eocene				47.8
							Casamayoran	47.9 *
					Mangaorapan			48.9
					Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Teurian		Riochican	56
							Itaboraian	56.9 *
							Peligran	58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene					61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene				Tiupampan	62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian			Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan			100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian			Korangan			113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †		497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †	504.5
												509