PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13391 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ten Million Year Bins	European Faunal Zones	South American Land Mammal Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran	Cenozoic 6						0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian					Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Ionian					Lujanian				0.129
									Ensenadan				0.3 *
						Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene			Castlecliffian							0.774
						Nukumaruan							1.63
									Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian						MN 17					1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian		MN 17					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene					MN 16	Vorohuean				2.58
									Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
						Waipipian							3
								MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene										3.6
						Opoitian			Montehermosan				3.7 *
								MN 14	Montehermosan				4.2
								MN 13	Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene		Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian						MN 12					7.246
								MN 11					7.75
								MN 11	Chasicoan				7.9 *
								MN 10					8.7
								MN 9					9.7
									Mayoan				9.9 *
									Laventan				10.9 *
					Southland	Waiauan							11.04
								MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene				Cenozoic 5	MN 7 + 8					11.63
								MN 6					12.8 *
						Lillburnian							13.05
									Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian						MN 5					13.82
						Clifdenian							15.1
						Clifdenian			Friasian				15.4 *
					Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene					MN 4					15.98
								MN 4	Santacrucian				16.2 *
								MN 3	Santacrucian				16.9
									Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
						Otaian							18.7
								MN 2					20
		Aquitanian											20.44
									Deseadan				20.9 *
					Landon	Waitakian							21.7
								MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene				Cenozoic 4				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
						Duntroonian							25.2
						Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene								Kekeamuan		27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene						Tinguirirican		Kekeamuan		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene				Cenozoic 3				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
					Arnold	Runangan							34.6
						Runangan			Divisaderan				35.9 *
						Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene			Kaiatan					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian				Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian					Cenozoic 2						41.2
									Mustersan				41.9 *
					Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
						Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian	Early Eocene									Bumbanian	47.8
									Casamayoran				47.9 *
						Mangaorapan							48.9
						Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Teurian	Cenozoic 1		Riochican		Gashatan		56
									Itaboraian				56.9 *
									Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene								61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene						Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian	Cretaceous 8				66
		Campanian				Haumurian	Cretaceous 7				72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan	Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
						Mangaotanean				90.5
						Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan	Cretaceous 5			93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
						Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan	Cretaceous 4			100.5
						Urutawan				103.3
					Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian				Korangan	Cretaceous 3			113
		Aptian					Cretaceous 3			117.5
		Barremian					Cretaceous 2			121.4
		Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2			125.77
		Valanginian					Cretaceous 1			132.6
		Berriasian					Cretaceous 1			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6			145
		Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5			149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian					Jurassic 4			165.3
		Bajocian					Jurassic 4			168.2
		Aalenian					Jurassic 3			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Jurassic 3			174.7
		Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2			184.2
		Sinemurian					Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian					Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian					Triassic 4			208.5
		Carnian					Triassic 3			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Triassic 2			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					Triassic 2			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Triassic 1			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					Triassic 1			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian					Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian					Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian					Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean					Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian					Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian					Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
													538.8