PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13391 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian			Sheridanian					0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Ionian			Sheridanian					0.129
							Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
						Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene									0.774
							Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
						Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan					MN 17	1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian					MN 17	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene			Mangapanian					MN 16	2.58
						Waipipian					MN 16	3
											MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene									3.6
						Opoitian						3.7
											MN 14	4.2
							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				MN 14	4.7
											MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene		Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian								Pannonian	MN 12	7.246
											MN 11	7.75
											MN 10	8.7
							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				MN 10	9.4
											MN 9	9.7
					Southland	Waiauan					MN 9	11.04
											MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene							Sarmatian		11.63
							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian		12.5
										Badenian	MN 6	12.8 *
						Lillburnian				Badenian	MN 6	13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian					MN 5	13.82
						Clifdenian						15.1
					Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene								MN 4	15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				MN 4	16.3
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				MN 3	16.9
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
						Otaian						18.7
											MN 2	20
		Aquitanian										20.44
					Landon	Waitakian						21.7
											MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene									23.03
								Monroecreekian				23.1 *
								Geringian				24.7 *
						Duntroonian						25.2
						Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene									27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene									29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
					Arnold	Runangan						34.6
						Kaiatan						36.7
												37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene									37.71
						Bortonian						39.1
							Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
						Heretaungan						45.7
							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene									47.8
						Mangaorapan			48.9
						Mangaorapan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		50.5
						Waipawan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		52
						Waipawan			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Teurian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene	To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian			Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
					Mangaotanean				90.5
					Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan				93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
					Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan				100.5
					Urutawan				103.3
				Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian			Korangan				113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
												145